EMDR As a Healing Tool in Traumatic Grief
The intense and painful experiences of grief are generally considered "normal." However, when those experiences are extremely distressing, unduly interfere with day-to-day functioning or do not subside to a manageable level over time, the bereaved may be experiencing complicated or traumatic grief. Complicated grief has been proposed as a new diagnostic category in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), and suggested components of the diagnosis include (1) that sufferers experience bereavement by death; (2) that their reactions include intrusive and distressing symptoms, including yearning, longing and searching for the deceased; and (3) that the bereaved exhibit at least four marked and persistent trauma reactions, which may include: "avoidance of reminders of the deceased, purposelessness, feelings of futility, difficulty imagining a life without the deceased, numbness, detachment, feeling stunned, dazed or shocked, feeling that life is empty or meaningless, feeling a part of oneself has died, disbelief, excessive anger or bitterness related to the death, and identification symptoms or harmful behaviors resembling those suffered by the deceased" (Mitchell et al, 2004, p. 13).
Even in cases that do not fit the criteria for complicated grief as described above, the events surrounding the death may be sufficiently traumatic to interfere with daily functioning or result in unrelenting distress. As a psychotherapist specializing in grief and loss, I have found EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) to be an effective tool for alleviating trauma in grief. As in normal grief, trauma affects the whole person -- body, mind and spirit, and on a hierarchy of needs, trauma must be dealt with in order for the healing process of grief to proceed in a normal and healthy fashion.
What is EMDR?
EMDR was developed by psychologist Francine Shapiro after making a chance discovery that the lateral movement of her eyes reduced the intensity of disturbing material she was dealing with (Shapiro, 1995, p. 2). Dr. Shapiro spent several years scientifically studying this, and found that bilateral stimulation -- whether in the form of eye movements, tapping, sound or other forms -- released traumatic material from the brain in a way that made the material workable. Trauma that is locked in the brain leads to the "fight, flight or freeze" response, and EMDR helps release traumatic images, transforming them into memories that no longer have a deleterious hold on the individual. In addition to this physiological response to trauma, the traumatized individual also develops negative beliefs about him or herself (such as "I do not deserve love, "I was at fault" etc). The beauty of EMDR is that it works on a cognitive level as well as the physiological level, not only facilitating the release traumatic images from the brain, but also allowing the individual to replace negative cognitions about him or herself with positive ones (such as "I deserve love", "I did the best I could", etc.). EMDR also works on a somatic level, with the therapist guiding the client to feel the traumatic images and negative beliefs in the body, thus further facilitating the transformation of the images into non-intrusive memories, and also transforming the negative beliefs into positive, useful ones. Therapists need to be trained to practice EMDR, and follow a standardized protocol in EMDR work with clients. (The foregoing is a brief summary of EMDR, and is not intended to be a full explanation of the process.)
Case Studies
Two cases in my practice are illustrative of the effectiveness of EMDR in resolving traumatic grief. "Carol", the mother of two small children, came to see me complaining of ongoing distress after the death of her husband nine months before. "Bill" was in a motorcycle accident, sustaining a broken leg. After being admitted to the hospital, Bill suffered a stroke and brain swelling, and died after being taken off life support two days later. Carol was concerned about her irritability, particularly toward her children, and her anger toward Bill for dying and leaving her with two small children to raise alone. Carol spent much time telling her story -- a useful healing tool for making meaning of a seemingly senseless situation (White, 1995). She did not exhibit signs of trauma for the first few months that we worked together. However, as the anniversary of Bill's death approached, Carol found it difficult to sleep, being awakened by intrusive images of Bill lying in the hospital bed, her shock when she learned of his condition, and her decision to stop life support. We explored negative cognitions around these images, including her guilt at being angry toward Bill and her further guilt regarding her relief that he did not continue to live as an invalid. The negative belief that that most impacted Carol was her belief that Bill's death was her fault because she had a premonition that he would be in an accident, and she did nothing to prevent it. In describing the images of Bill lying in the ICU and her belief that it was her fault, Carol felt a tightness in her chest and had difficulty breathing. After two 90-minute EMDR sessions, Carol was able to replace her negative belief "I was at fault" with the positive belief "I did the best I could." She reported that she still, of course, experienced memories of Bill's death, and said she was very pleased that that she could feel sadness without guilt. Carol was thus finally able to process her grief and loss in a healthy way.
My work with "Mary" was deeply profound and moving. Mary's husband "Don" suffered with Lou Gehrig's disease (ALS) for three years, and Mary witnessed the horrible, inexorable ravaging of Don's body while his mind stayed strong. Mary's expressed purpose for coming to see me was that she was unable to feel Don's presence in her life. Mary described Don as her soul mate, and I assured her that because of the strength of their bond, she would find a place for him in her heart and feel his presence as a support in order to move forward. However, it was clear that she would first have to deal with the traumatic images that prevented her from completing this task. The most disturbing image, and target for our EMDR work, was finding Don lying in a pool of blood on the bathroom floor after falling out of his wheelchair. I taught Mary the "butterfly" technique -- in which the client hugs him or herself, tapping alternately below each shoulder, simulating the bilateral stimulation used in formal EMDR sessions, and instructed her to use this technique at home as a resource when traumatic images arose. After two sessions, with Mary working at home with the butterfly, Mary reported that those images had receded as mere memories. She came into our next session glowing, and reported that she had felt a tug at the back of her shirt while sitting quietly one day and "knew it was Don, back in my life." She reported that she subsequently felt Don's presence coming to her every night before she fell asleep. Our trauma work was done, and Mary was well on the way to healing her grief.
Conclusion
Dr. Roger Solomon has observed that:
EMDR often results in the emergence of positive memories of the deceased with associated affect. It is the emergence of memories of the deceased that let us know and acknowledge the meaning of the relationship, the person's role in our lives and identity, and enable us to carry the basic security of having loved and been loved into the future.
My work with both Carol and Mary, as well as many others, has enhanced my confidence in my therapeutic skills in identifying and working with traumatic grief, and increased my trust and faith in the effectiveness of EMDR as a healing tool in grief.
References:
A. Mitchell, Y. Kim, H.G. Prigerson, M.K. Mortimer-Stephens. (2004). Complicated Grief in Survivors of Suicide. Crisis 25(1), 12-18.
F. Shapiro. (1995). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols and Procedures. New York: Guilford Press.
R.M. Solomon, EMDR and Grief. www.emdr.org.il/dls/solomon.doc. Retrieved October 25, 2009.
M. White. (1995). Re-authoring lives. Adelaide: Dulwich Center Publications.